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GLENCO VOCATIONAL BOOKS - leading publisher of science and technical content
Introduction To The Physical Metallurgy Of Welding

Introduction To The Physical Metallurgy Of Welding

Editor: JAIMEE HOLGUIN
 
  • Year: 2018
  • Binding: Hardback
  • Price: US $ 290.00
Preface


1. Fusion Welding – Process Variables


1. Introduction


2. Oxyacetylene Welding


3. Shielded Metal Arc Welding


4. Gas–Tungsten Arc Welding


5. Plasma Arc Welding


6. Gas–Metal Arc Welding


7. Flux-Core Arc Welding


8. Submerged Arc Welding


9. Electroslag Welding


10. Electron Beam Welding


Epilogue


References


2. Residual Stresses, Distortion, and Fatigue


1. Introduction


2. Residual Stresses


3. Distortion


Epilogue


References


3. Welding Metallurgy Principles


1. Introduction


2. Regions of a Fusion Weld


3. Fusion Zone


4. Unmixed Zone (UMZ)


5. Partially Melted Zone (PMZ)


6. Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)


7. Solid-State Welding


Epilogue


References


4. The Weld Metal


1. Introduction


2. Formation of the Partially Melted Zone


3. Partially Melted Zone in Cast Irons


4. Difficulties Associated with the Partially Melted Zone


Epilogue


References


5. Work-Hardened Materials


1. Introduction


2. Recrystallization and Grain Growth in Welding


3. Effect of Welding Parameters and Process


Epilogue


References


6. Precipitation-Hardening Materials I: Aluminum Alloys


1. Introduction


2. Al–Zn–Mg Alloys


3. Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloys


Epilogue


References


7. Transformation-Hardening Materials: Carbon and 


Alloy Steels


1. Introduction


2. Phase Diagram and CCT Diagrams


3. Carbon Steels


4. Low-Alloy Steels


5. Hydrogen Cracking


6. Reheat Cracking


7. Lamellar Tearing


Epilogue


References


8. Corrosion-Resistant Materials: Stainless Steels


1. Introduction


2. Classification of Stainless Steels


3. Austenitic Stainless Steels


4. Ferritic Stainless Steels


5. Martensitic Stainless Steels


6. Case Study: Failure of a Pipe


Epilogue


References


9. Hot Cracking


1. Introduction


2. Weld Solidification Cracking


3. Liquation Cracking


Epilogue


References


10. Hydrogen-Induced Cracking


1. Introduction


2. Hydrogen Embrittlement Theories


3. Factors That Influence HIC


4. Quantifying Susceptibility to HIC


5. Identifying HIC


6. Preventing HIC


Epilogue


References


Index


 



Metallurgy involves both the science and technology of metals, i.e., how science is applied to the manufacturing of metals and the engineering of metal components utilised in consumer and industrial products. Physical metallurgy is one of the two main disciplines of the scientific approach to metallurgy that examines the physical properties of metals and alloys in a systematic manner. As the title of a classic, hard monograph on the subject indicates, it is essentially the principles and applications of the theory of phase changes in metals and alloys. These formations are made up of various "space lattices" that combine to generate various crystals. Many of the principles addressed in physical metallurgy of welding can also be applied to other alloys, which reflects the larger volume of literature on this material.



 This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of physical metallurgy and how such concepts have practical applications. It provides detailed information about the basic principle of this field.  It concentrates extensively on the fusion welding, residual stresses, metallurgy principles and work-hardened materials. The book also contains precipitation-hardening materials, corrosion-resistant materials, hot cracking and hydrogen-induced cracking. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied methodologies that comprise this subject. This book is an essential guide for both academicians and researchers who wish to pursue physical metallurgy further.


Jaimee Holguin obtained her Master of Science in Metallurgical Engineering from State University, Alabama. He has served as a Visiting Professor in many leading universities across America and Europe. Her researches include casting and digital technologies, weave and stitch casting as well as bronze work. Holguin has spent more than a decade in the metalwork industry and has authored numerous articles and books, which have been published worldwide. She was also awarded the “Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching” award for her outstanding contribution in the field of metal and silverworks.