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GLENCO VOCATIONAL BOOKS - leading publisher of science and technical content
Welding Handbook

Welding Handbook

Editor: LAVENIA STEGALL
 
  • Year: 2018
  • Binding: Hardback
  • Price: US $ 305.00
Preface


1. Introduction to Welding


1. Introduction


2. The history of welding


3. Terminology


Epilogue


References


2. Gas Welding


1. Introduction


2. Equipment


3. Gas flames


4. Welding techniques


5. Applications


Epilogue


References


3. Basics of Electricity in Welding


1. Introduction


2. Basic electrical concepts


3. Components in electrical circuits


4. Measuring welding data


Epilogue


References


4. Arc Welding: An Overview


1. Introduction


2. Arc physics


3. Drop transfer


4. Magnetic arc blow


5. Shielding gases


6. Standardisation of shielding gases


7. Standards for wires and rods


Epilogue


References


5. Power Sources for Arc Welding


1. Introduction


2. Electrical characteristics and their control in welding


3. Different types of welding power units


4. Controlling power sources


5. Safety requirements


6. Interference with pacemakers


Epilogue


References


6. TIG Welding


1. Introduction


2. Equipment


3. Consumables


4. Quality issues


Epilogue


References


7. Plasma Welding


1. Introduction


2. Classification of plasma welding methods


3. Equipment


4. Gases for plasma welding


Epilogue


References


8. MIG/MAG Welding


1. Introduction


2. Equipment


3. Consumables


4. MIG/MAG welding process variations


5. Quality issues in MIG/MAG welding


Epilogue


References


9. Manual Metal Arc (MMA) Welding with Coated Electrodes


1. Introduction


2. Equipment


3. Consumables: electrodes


4. Quality issues


Epilogue


References


10. Submerged Arc Welding


1. Introduction


2. Equipment


3. Consumables


4. Process knowledge


5. Quality issues: weld defects


Epilogue


References


11. Pressure Welding Methods


1. Introduction


2. Resistance welding


3. Friction welding


4. High-frequency welding and induction welding


5. Ultrasonic welding


6. Explosion welding


7. Magnetic pulse welding


8. Cold pressure welding


9. Diffusion welding


Epilogue


References


12. Other Methods of Welding


1. Introduction


2. Electroslag welding


3. Electrogas welding


4. Stud welding


5. Laser welding


6. Electron beam welding


7. Thermite welding


Epilogue


References


13. Cutting Methods


1. Introduction


2. Thermal cutting


3. Water jet cutting


4. Thermal gouging


Epilogue


References


14. Surface Cladding and Hardfacing Methods


1. Introduction


2. Types of wear


3. Thermal spraying


Epilogue


References


15. Mechanisation and Robot Welding


1. Introduction


2. Quality issues in mechanised welding


3. Mechanised TIG welding


4. Narrow-gap welding


5. Arc welding using robots


References


Index


Metal joining has a long history dating back millennia. The earliest examples of this may be found in Europe and the Middle East during the Bronze and Iron Ages. A weld is a metal coalescence formed by heating to an appropriate temperature with or without pressure, and with or without the introduction of a filler substance. Modern advancements in iron-making technology, particularly the development of cast iron, have limited welding. But the need for a continuous junction on big steel plates led to the development of modern fusion welding methods. At the close of the nineteenth century, gas welding, arc welding, and resistance welding all made their debuts. A gas flame (chemical), an electric arc (electrical), a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound are all examples of energy sources that can be utilised for welding.

 This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to welding. It describes in detail the various concepts and theories related to the field. The book is well designed based on different chapters such as electricity in welding, arc welding, gas welding, and power sources for welding. This field encompasses the concepts of other related areas like TIG welding, plasma welding, MIG/MAG welding, pressure welding methods and robot welding. The topics included in this book are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant developments related to the field of welding.


Lavenia Stegall obtained her M.Sc. in Welding Engineering from Public University, Bedford. She specializes in gas welding, metal-joining techniques and soldering and has contributed extensively in the same through her works. She is an Associate Professor at Community College, León. Stegall has authored numerous articles and books, which have been published worldwide. She was also awarded the “Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching” award for her outstanding contribution to the researcher community in the field of metal and silverworks.